Python

In this chapter, we will learn about language processing using Python.

The following features make Python different from other languages −

• Python is interpreted − We do not need to compile our Python program before executing it because the interpreter processes Python at runtime.
• Interactive − We can directly interact with the interpreter to write our Python programs.
• Object-oriented − Python is object-oriented in nature and it makes this language easier to write programs because with the help of this technique of programming it encapsulates code within objects.
• Beginner can easily learn − Python is also called beginner’s language because it is very easy to understand, and it supports the development of a wide range of applications.

Prerequisites

The latest version of Python 3 released is Python 3.7.1 is available for Windows, Mac OS and most of the flavors of Linux OS.

• For windows, we can go to the link www.python.org/downloads/windows/ to download and install Python.
• For MAC OS, we can use the link www.python.org/downloads/mac-osx/.
• In case of Linux, different flavors of Linux use different package managers for installation of new packages.
  • For example, to install Python 3 on Ubuntu Linux, we can use the following command from terminal −

$sudo apt-get install python3-minimal

To study more about Python programming, read Python 3 basic tutorial – Python 3

Getting Started with NLTK

We will be using Python library NLTK (Natural Language Toolkit) for doing text analysis in English Language. The Natural language toolkit (NLTK) is a collection of Python libraries designed especially for identifying and tag parts of speech found in the text of natural language like English.

Installing NLTK

Before starting to use NLTK, we need to install it. With the help of following command, we can install it in our Python environment −

pip install nltk

If we are using Anaconda, then a Conda package for NLTK can be built by using the following command −

conda install -c anaconda nltk

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Downloading NLTK’s Data

After installing NLTK, another important task is to download its preset text repositories so that it can be easily used. However, before that we need to import NLTK the way we import any other Python module. The following command will help us in importing NLTK −

import nltk

Now, download NLTK data with the help of the following command −

nltk.download()

It will take some time to install all available packages of NLTK.

Other Necessary Packages

Some other Python packages like gensim and pattern are also very necessary for text analysis as well as building natural language processing applications by using NLTK. the packages can be installed as shown below −

gensim

gensim is a robust semantic modeling library which can be used for many applications. We can install it by following command −

pip install gensim

pattern

It can be used to make gensim package work properly. The following command helps in installing pattern −

pip install pattern

Tokenization

Tokenization may be defined as the Process of breaking the given text, into smaller units called tokens. Words, numbers or punctuation marks can be tokens. It may also be called word segmentation.

Example

Input − Bed and chair are types of furniture.

We have different packages for tokenization provided by NLTK. We can use these packages based on our requirements. The packages and the details of their installation are as follows −

sent_tokenize package

This package can be used to divide the input text into sentences. We can import it by using the following command −

from nltk.tokenize import sent_tokenize

word_tokenize package

This package can be used to divide the input text into words. We can import it by using the following command −

from nltk.tokenize import word_tokenize

WordPunctTokenizer package

This package can be used to divide the input text into words and punctuation marks. We can import it by using the following command −

from nltk.tokenize import WordPuncttokenizer

Stemming

Due to grammatical reasons, language includes lots of variations. Variations in the sense that the language, English as well as other languages too, have different forms of a word. For example, the words like democracy, democratic, and democratization. For machine learning projects, it is very important for machines to understand that these different words, like above, have the same base form. That is why it is very useful to extract the base forms of the words while analyzing the text.

Stemming is a heuristic process that helps in extracting the base forms of the words by chopping of their ends.

The different packages for stemming provided by NLTK module are as follows −

PorterStemmer package

Porter’s algorithm is used by this stemming package to extract the base form of the words. With the help of the following command, we can import this package −

from nltk.stem.porter import PorterStemmer

For example, ‘write’ would be the output of the word ‘writing’ given as the input to this stemmer.

LancasterStemmer package

Lancaster’s algorithm is used by this stemming package to extract the base form of the words. With the help of following command, we can import this package −

from nltk.stem.lancaster import LancasterStemmer

For example, ‘writ’ would be the output of the word ‘writing’ given as the input to this stemmer.

SnowballStemmer package

Snowball’s algorithm is used by this stemming package to extract the base form of the words. With the help of following command, we can import this package −

from nltk.stem.snowball import SnowballStemmer

For example, ‘write’ would be the output of the word ‘writing’ given as the input to this stemmer.

Lemmatization

It is another way to extract the base form of words, normally aiming to remove inflectional endings by using vocabulary and morphological analysis. After lemmatization, the base form of any word is called lemma.

NLTK module provides the following package for lemmatization −

WordNetLemmatizer package

This package will extract the base form of the word depending upon whether it is used as a noun or as a verb. The following command can be used to import this package −

from nltk.stem import WordNetLemmatizer

Counting POS Tags–Chunking

The identification of parts of speech (POS) and short phrases can be done with the help of chunking. It is one of the important processes in natural language processing. As we are aware about the process of tokenization for the creation of tokens, chunking actually is to do the labeling of those tokens. In other words, we can say that we can get the structure of the sentence with the help of chunking process.

Example

In the following example, we will implement Noun-Phrase chunking, a category of chunking which will find the noun phrase chunks in the sentence, by using NLTK Python module.

Consider the following steps to implement noun-phrase chunking −

Step 1: Chunk grammar definition

In this step, we need to define the grammar for chunking. It would consist of the rules, which we need to follow.

Step 2: Chunk parser creation

Next, we need to create a chunk parser. It would parse the grammar and give the output.

Step 3: The Output

In this step, we will get the output in a tree format.

Running the NLP Script

Start by importing the the NLTK package −

import nltk

Now, we need to define the sentence.

Here,

• DT is the determinant
• VBP is the verb
• JJ is the adjective
• IN is the preposition
• NN is the noun

sentence = [("a", "DT"),("clever","JJ"),("fox","NN"),("was","VBP"),
   ("jumping","VBP"),("over","IN"),("the","DT"),("wall","NN")]

Next, the grammar should be given in the form of regular expression.

grammar = "NP:{<DT>?<JJ>*<NN>}"

Now, we need to define a parser for parsing the grammar.

parser_chunking = nltk.RegexpParser(grammar)

Now, the parser will parse the sentence as follows −

parser_chunking.parse(sentence)

Next, the output will be in the variable as follows:-

Output = parser_chunking.parse(sentence)

Now, the following code will help you draw your output in the form of a tree.

output.draw()