SQL Syntax

When you want to do some operations on the data in the database, then you must have to write the query in the predefined syntax of SQL.

The syntax of the structured query language is a unique set of rules and guidelines, which is not case-sensitive. Its Syntax is defined and maintained by the ISO and ANSI standards.

Following are some most important points about the SQL syntax which are to remember:

You can write the keywords of SQL in both uppercase and lowercase, but writing the SQL keywords in uppercase improves the readability of the SQL query.
SQL statements or syntax are dependent on text lines. We can place a single SQL statement on one or multiple text lines.
You can perform most of the action in a database with SQL statements.
SQL syntax depends on relational algebra and tuple relational calculus.

SQL Statement

SQL statements tell the database what operation you want to perform on the structured data and what information you would like to access from the database.

The statements of SQL are very simple and easy to use and understand. They are like plain English but with a particular syntax.

Simple Example of SQL statement:

SELECT "column_name" FROM "table_name";

Each SQL statement begins with any of the SQL keywords and ends with the semicolon (;). The semicolon is used in the SQL for separating the multiple Sql statements which are going to execute in the same call. In this SQL tutorial, we will use the semicolon (;) at the end of each SQL query or statement.

Most Important SQL Commands and Statements

Let’s discuss each statement in short one by one with syntax and one example:

1. SELECT Statement

This SQL statement reads the data from the SQL database and shows it as the output to the database user.

Syntax of SELECT Statement:

SELECT column_name1, column_name2, .…, column_nameN  

    [ FROM table_name ]  

    [ WHERE condition ]  

    [ ORDER BY order_column_name1 [ ASC | DESC ], .... ];

Example of SELECT Statement:

SELECT Emp_ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Salary, City  

FROM Employee_details  

WHERE Salary = 100000  

ORDER BY Last_Name

This example shows the Emp_ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Salary, and City of those employees from the Employee_details table whose Salary is 100000. The output shows all the specified details according to the ascending alphabetical order of Last_Name.

3. UPDATE Statement

This SQL statement changes or modifies the stored data in the SQL database.

Syntax of UPDATE Statement:

UPDATE Employee_details  

SET Salary = 100000  

WHERE Emp_ID = 10;

Example of UPDATE Statement:

UPDATE Employee_details  

SET Salary = 100000  

WHERE Emp_ID = 10;

This example changes the Salary of those employees of the Employee_details table whose Emp_ID is 10 in the table.

3. DELETE Statement

This SQL statement deletes the stored data from the SQL database.

Syntax of DELETE Statement:

DELETE FROM table_name  

[ WHERE CONDITION ];

Example of DELETE Statement:

DELETE FROM Employee_details  

WHERE First_Name = 'Sumit';

This example deletes the record of those employees from the Employee_details table whose First_Name is Sumit in the table.

4. CREATE TABLE Statement

This SQL statement creates the new table in the SQL database.

Syntax of CREATE TABLE Statement:

CREATE TABLE table_name  

(  

column_name1 data_type [column1 constraint(s)],  

column_name2 data_type [column2 constraint(s)],  

.....  

.....,  

column_nameN data_type [columnN constraint(s)],  

PRIMARY KEY(one or more col)  

);

Example of CREATE TABLE Statement:

CREATE TABLE Employee_details(  

      Emp_Id NUMBER(4) NOT NULL,  

      First_name VARCHAR(30),  

      Last_name VARCHAR(30),  

      Salary Money,  

      City VARCHAR(30),  

      PRIMARY KEY (Emp_Id)  

);

This example creates the table Employee_details with five columns or fields in the SQL database. The fields in the table are Emp_Id, First_Name, Last_Name, Salary, and City. The Emp_Id column in the table acts as a primary key, which means that the Emp_Id column cannot contain duplicate values and null values.

5. ALTER TABLE Statement

This SQL statement adds, deletes, and modifies the columns of the table in the SQL database.

Syntax of ALTER TABLE Statement:

ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype[(size)];

The above SQL alter statement adds the column with its datatype in the existing database table.

ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY column_name column_datatype[(size)];

The above ‘SQL alter statement’ renames the old column name to the new column name of the existing database table.

ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name;

The above SQL alter statement deletes the column of the existing database table.

Example of ALTER TABLE Statement:

ALTER TABLE Employee_details   

ADD Designation VARCHAR(18);

This example adds the new field whose name is Designation with size 18 in the Employee_details table of the SQL database.

6. DROP TABLE Statement

This SQL statement deletes or removes the table and the structure, views, permissions, and triggers associated with that table.

Syntax of DROP TABLE Statement:

DROP TABLE [ IF EXISTS ]  

table_name1, table_name2, ……, table_nameN;

The above syntax of the drop statement deletes specified tables completely if they exist in the database.

Example of DROP TABLE Statement:

DROP TABLE Employee_details;

This example drops the Employee_details table if it exists in the SQL database. This removes the complete information if available in the table.

7. CREATE DATABASE Statement

This SQL statement creates the new database in the database management system.

Syntax of CREATE DATABASE Statement:

CREATE DATABASE database_name;

Example of CREATE DATABASE Statement:

CREATE DATABASE Company;

The above example creates the company database in the system.

8. DROP DATABASE Statement

This SQL statement deletes the existing database with all the data tables and views from the database management system.

Syntax of DROP DATABASE Statement:

DROP DATABASE database_name;

Example of DROP DATABASE Statement:

DROP DATABASE Company;

The above example deletes the company database from the system.

9. INSERT INTO Statement

This SQL statement inserts the data or records in the existing table of the SQL database. This statement can easily insert single and multiple records in a single query statement.

Syntax of insert a single record:

INSERT INTO table_name  

(   

column_name1,   

column_name2, .…,   

column_nameN  

)  

VALUES   

(value_1,   

value_2, ..…,   

value_N  

);

Example of insert a single record:

INSERT INTO Employee_details  

(   

Emp_ID,   

First_name,  

Last_name,  

Salary,  

City  

)  

VALUES   

(101,   

Akhil,  

Sharma,  

40000,  

Bangalore  

);

This example inserts 101 in the first column, Akhil in the second column, Sharma in the third column, 40000 in the fourth column, and Bangalore in the last column of the table Employee_details.

Syntax of inserting a multiple records in a single query:

INSERT INTO table_name  

( column_name1, column_name2, .…, column_nameN)  

VALUES (value_1, value_2, ..…, value_N), (value_1, value_2, ..…, value_N),….;

Example of inserting multiple records in a single query:

INSERT INTO Employee_details  

( Emp_ID, First_name, Last_name, Salary, City )  

VALUES (101, Amit, Gupta, 50000, Mumbai), (101,  John, Aggarwal, 45000, Calcutta), (101, Sidhu, Arora, 55000, Mumbai);

This example inserts the records of three employees in the Employee_details table in the single query statement.

10. TRUNCATE TABLE Statement

This SQL statement deletes all the stored records from the table of the SQL database.

Syntax of TRUNCATE TABLE Statement:

TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

Example of TRUNCATE TABLE Statement:

TRUNCATE TABLE Employee_details;

This example deletes the record of all employees from the Employee_details table of the database.

11. DESCRIBE Statement

This SQL statement tells something about the specified table or view in the query.

Syntax of DESCRIBE Statement:

DESCRIBE table_name | view_name;

Example of DESCRIBE Statement:

DESCRIBE Employee_details;

This example explains the structure and other details about the Employee_details table.

12. DISTINCT Clause

This SQL statement shows the distinct values from the specified columns of the database table. This statement is used with the SELECT keyword.

Syntax of DISTINCT Clause:

SELECT DISTINCT column_name1, column_name2, ...  

FROM table_name;

Example of DISTINCT Clause:

SELECT DISTINCT City, Salary  

FROM Employee_details;

This example shows the distinct values of the City and Salary column from the Employee_details table.

13. COMMIT Statement

This SQL statement saves the changes permanently, which are done in the transaction of the SQL database.

Syntax of COMMIT Statement:

COMMIT

Example of COMMIT Statement:

DELETE FROM Employee_details  

WHERE salary = 30000;  

COMMIT;

This example deletes the records of those employees whose Salary is 30000 and then saves the changes permanently in the database.

14. ROLLBACK Statement

This SQL statement undo the transactions and operations which are not yet saved to the SQL database.

Syntax of ROLLBACK Statement:

ROLLBACK

Example of ROLLBACK Statement:

DELETE FROM Employee_details  

WHERE City = Mumbai;  

ROLLBACK;

This example deletes the records of those employees whose City is Mumbai and then undo the changes in the database.

15. CREATE INDEX Statement

This SQL statement creates the new index in the SQL database table.

Syntax of CREATE INDEX Statement:

CREATE INDEX index_name  

ON table_name ( column_name1, column_name2, …, column_nameN );

Example of CREATE INDEX Statement:

CREATE INDEX idx_First_Name  

ON employee_details (First_Name);

This example creates an index idx_First_Name on the First_Name column of the Employee_details table.

16. DROP INDEX Statement

This SQL statement deletes the existing index of the SQL database table.

Syntax of DROP INDEX Statement:

DROP INDEX index_name;

Example of DROP INDEX Statement:

DROP INDEX idx_First_Name;

This example deletes the index idx_First_Name from the SQL database.

17. USE Statement

This SQL statement selects the existing SQL database. Before performing the operations on the database table, you have to select the database from the multiple existing databases.

Syntax of USE Statement:

USE database_name;

Example of USE DATABASE Statement:

USE Company;

This example uses the company database.